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Sắt cột nặng 6 tấn chống mưa nắng suốt 1600 năm vẫn không han gỉ

AvatarVăn Tuấn

Liệu một công trình kiến trúc bằng sắt có thể đứng vững suốt 1.600 năm mà không bị gỉ sét dù tiếp xúc với nhiều tác nhân khắc nghiệt? Điều này có vẻ không hợp lý nếu thiếu sự hỗ trợ của công nghệ cao vào thời điểm nó được xây dựng, CNN nhận định.

Tuy nhiên bên trong khu phức hợp Qutb Minar được UNESCO công nhận tại thành phố New Delhi, Ấn Độ, lại có cột sắt minh chứng cho điều kỳ lạ này.

Công trình nằm trong khuôn viên của các di tích và tòa nhà lịch sử thuộc quận Mehrauli ở phía nam thành phố.

Du khách bước vào sân trong của nhà thờ Hồi giáo Quwwat-ul-Islam của khu phức hợp sẽ nhìn thấy cây cột sắt nặng 6 tấn, cao 7,2m với phần đỉnh trang trí nhìn còn cổ xưa hơn khu phức hợp.

Dù hơn nghìn năm trôi qua, cột sắt đứng vững ngoài mưa gió và chưa có dấu hiệu gỉ sét. Điều này khiến nhiều người đặt câu hỏi, vì sao nó có thể chống chọi với sự ăn mòn trong thời gian dài như vậy?

Thông thường, các kết cấu sắt và hợp kim tiếp xúc với không khí hoặc hơi ẩm sẽ bị oxy hóa theo thời gian khiến chúng bị gỉ sét trừ khi được bảo vệ đặc biệt. Như công trình tháp Eiffel ở Pháp là một ví dụ. Dù làm bằng sắt nhưng công trình được phủ bởi lớp sơn đặc biệt.

Từ năm 1912, các nhà khoa học ở Ấn Độ và nước ngoài đã tới New Delhi nghiên cứu cây cột sắt để tìm hiểu lý do tại sao nó không bị ăn mòn.

Mãi sau này, các chuyên gia từ Viện Công nghệ Ấn Độ (IIT) ở thành phố Bắc Kanpur mới giải mã được bí ẩn.

Họ phát hiện cây cột có hàm lượng phốt pho cao (khoảng 1%) và thiếu lưu huỳnh, magie, kết cấu không giống như sắt hiện đại. Những thợ thủ công cổ xưa còn dùng một kỹ thuật gọi là "hàn bằng rèn". Điều này có nghĩa thợ thủ công làm nóng sắt và nện búa để giữ nguyên hàm lượng phốt pho cao.

Nhà luyện kim R. Balasubramaniam cho biết, phương pháp độc đáo này góp phần tạo nên sức bền lâu dài của cây cột. Vị chuyên gia này ca ngợi sự khéo léo, đồng thời mô tả cây cột sắt này là "bằng chứng sống động cho năng lực luyện kim cổ xưa của Ấn Độ".

Theo CNN (Mỹ), độ bền của cây cột được chứng minh bằng nhiều tài liệu lịch sử. Trong đó, một tài liệu cổ ghi lại, một sự cố xảy ra vào thế kỷ 18 khi viên đạn bắn vào cột nhưng nó không hề hấn gì.

Nguồn gốc của cây cột sắt cũng là một bí ẩn. Từng có ghi chép cho rằng, công trình ra đời từ thời đế quốc Gupta trong thời gian trị vì của Chandragupta II, hay còn gọi là Vikramaditya, vào khoảng thế kỷ 4 và 5.

Thời điểm đó, cây cột được ví như tượng đài chiến thắng của thần Vishnu. Trước đó, cây cột được cho là từng có tượng Garuda, vật cưỡi của thần Vishnu nằm ở trên đỉnh. Tuy nhiên theo thời gian, bức tượng này cũng không còn.

Ngày nay, cây cột đóng vai trò là biểu tượng cho các tổ chức khoa học như Phòng thí nghiệm luyện kim quốc gia và Viện kim loại Ấn Độ.

Nhằm giảm thiểu tác động của con người tới công trình cổ, Cơ quan khảo cổ Ấn Độ (ASI) đã cho dựng hàng rào xung quanh cột.

Bà Pragya Nagar, kiến trúc sư bảo tồn và chuyên gia di sản, cho biết, việc bảo tồn cột trụ này rất quan trọng trong khu phức hợp bất chấp nhiều khu vực xung quanh nó đã bị phá hủy và nhiều lần phải trùng tu.

"Nhìn vào mặt kỹ thuật được sử dụng để tạo ra cây cột chỉ giúp chúng ta tìm hiểu về nguồn gốc cổ xưa của nó. Nhưng từ đó, chúng ta có thể tận dụng phương pháp tương tự nhằm phát triển các vật liệu thay thế bền vững nhằm giảm thiểu tác hại tới môi trường liên quan tới quá trình chiết xuất kim loại", chuyên gia Nagar đưa ra quan điểm.

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